INDIA – PAKISTAN

Every recorded development, newest first. Entries carrying a score are this tracker's own assessments; the rest are the canonical record — verified history, each entry citing its source.

1. 2026-08-12 PM

   West Bengal police arrest suspected Pakistani national on military spying allegations

   Indian security forces detained a suspected Pakistani national near the India-Bangladesh border in West Bengal on charges of conducting military intelligence activities using fraudulent documents. Authorities stated the suspect had been residing illegally in India while gathering information on military and transportation assets.

2. 2026-08-12 PM

   India designates Attari as e-visa entry point while maintaining restrictions on Pakistani travelers

   India updated its e-visa immigration framework to include eleven new entry points, including the Attari land crossing on the Pakistan border. Officials emphasized that travel restrictions and strict vetting for Pakistani nationals remain in effect following the April 2025 diplomatic measures.

3. 2026-08-12 PM

   Indian security forces arrest suspected Pakistani operative in West Bengal near border

   West Bengal Special Task Force officers detained a suspected Pakistani national carrying forged Indian identification documents near the Bangladesh border. Authorities reported the individual had resided illegally in India and initiated investigations into potential intelligence links.

4. 2026-08-12 AM

   India adds Attari crossing to e-visa network while tightening border infrastructure personnel rules.

5. 2026-08-12

   Current anchor: halted large-scale hostilities, unresolved rivalry, and contested water regime

   No verified renewed large-scale direct India-Pakistan hostilities are established after the 10 May 2025 cessation understanding. No peace treaty, Kashmir settlement, terrorism-accountability settlement, or broad diplomatic normalization is verified. India continues to treat Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh as integral parts and the IWT as held in abeyance; Pakistan continues to reject those positions and seek a Kashmir and treaty settlement on its stated terms.

   UNMOGIP current fact sheet · India position on Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, 5 August 2026 · Pakistan position on Jammu and Kashmir, 5 August 2026

6. 2026-08-11 PM

   Indian security agencies issue alerts over potential cross-border threats ahead of Independence Day.

7. 2026-08-10 PM

   Indian Border Security Force launches pre-Independence Day security operations along the Pakistan border.

8. 2026-05-15 to 2026-06-30

   A supplemental Indus award is accepted by Pakistan and rejected by India

   The contested Court of Arbitration issued a supplemental award concerning maximum pondage. India said it had never recognized the court, rejected the award as null and void, and reiterated that its decision to hold the IWT in abeyance remained in force. Pakistan treated the award as authoritative and continued to demand full treaty implementation. The legal status and operational consequences remain disputed.

   India response rejecting the 15 May 2026 award · Pakistan address on the IWT and supplemental award

9. 2026-01-01 to 2026-07-01

   Nuclear-installation and prisoner-list exchanges preserve limited official channels

   India and Pakistan exchanged lists of nuclear installations and facilities on 1 January under the 1988 agreement. On 1 July they exchanged lists of civilian prisoners and fishermen in custody under the 2008 consular-access framework. These routine exchanges show that narrow institutional channels remain functional; they do not establish political normalization or compliance with every humanitarian request.

   India-Pakistan nuclear-installation list exchange, 1 January 2026 · India-Pakistan prisoner-list exchange, 1 July 2026

10. 2025-08-08 to 2025-08-14

    Indus arbitration award deepens the legal and institutional dispute

    The IWT Court of Arbitration issued an award on issues of general interpretation concerning run-of-river hydroelectric design on the western rivers. Pakistan welcomed the award as supporting its treaty interpretation. India, which did not recognize or participate in the court, rejected the forum and award and maintained its abeyance position. Do not present either party's legal conclusion as an uncontested final settlement.

    Pakistan welcomes the 8 August 2025 award · PCA press release, Western Rivers Arbitration

11. 2025-05-10

    Pakistan launches Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos and the DGMOs agree to stop military action

    Pakistan announced Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos against Indian military targets after reporting further Indian attacks. India and Pakistan made incompatible claims about air-base, aircraft, air-defence, and infrastructure damage. Later that day, the Pakistani DGMO called the Indian DGMO and they agreed to stop all firing and military action on land, in the air, and at sea from 17:00 India time. Pakistan also credited international facilitation; India emphasized the direct DGMO channel.

    India Foreign Secretary statement on the DGMO understanding · Pakistan statement on Bunyan-um-Marsoos and the ceasefire · UN Secretary-General welcomes the ceasefire

12. 2025-05-08 to 2025-05-09

    Drone, missile, air-defence, and artillery exchanges widen the confrontation

    India and Pakistan reported waves of drones or loitering munitions, attempted strikes on military targets, air-defence engagements, and heavy fire across the LoC. Each side accused the other of escalation and issued incompatible claims about interceptions, destroyed systems, airfields, and casualties. Canonize only independently established impacts or each party's own acknowledged action; do not aggregate all detected objects as successful attacks.

    India special briefing, 8 May 2025 · Pakistan Foreign Ministry briefing, 9 May 2025

13. 2025-05-07

    India launches Operation Sindoor against sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir

    India announced strikes on nine sites it described as terrorist infrastructure, saying no Pakistani military establishments were targeted. Pakistan characterized the strikes as aggression against civilian locations, reported casualties, and denied India's terrorism rationale. The occurrence of cross-border strikes is confirmed; target function, militant presence, civilian and combatant casualties, and effectiveness remain dependent on attributed or later evidence.

    India special briefing on Operation Sindoor, 7 May · Pakistan statement condemning the Indian strikes

14. 2025-04-23 to 2025-04-24

    India and Pakistan impose reciprocal diplomatic, travel, trade, and water measures

    India announced that the IWT would be held in abeyance, closed the Attari crossing, cancelled specified visas, expelled service advisers, and reduced mission strength. Pakistan rejected IWT abeyance as unlawful, closed Wagah, suspended visas and trade, closed airspace to Indian-owned or operated airlines, expelled advisers, reduced mission strength, and said it could hold bilateral agreements including Simla in abeyance. These were announced acts and positions, not proof that every treaty was legally terminated.

    India CCS decisions, 23 April 2025 · Pakistan National Security Committee decisions, 24 April 2025

15. 2025-04-22

    Pahalgam terrorist attack kills 26 civilians and triggers a major crisis

    Gunmen attacked tourists near Pahalgam in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, killing 25 Indian nationals and one Nepali citizen. The Security Council condemned the attack and called for those responsible to be held accountable. India said cross-border linkages were established and later attributed the attack to Pakistan-linked LeT/TRF actors; Pakistan denied responsibility and called for a neutral investigation. The UN condemnation did not assign state responsibility.

    UN Security Council press statement on Pahalgam · India special briefing on the investigation and Operation Sindoor

16. 2023-07-06

    Indus treaty dispute proceeds through contested parallel mechanisms

    A Court of Arbitration constituted under the IWT issued an award finding itself competent in proceedings initiated by Pakistan over hydroelectric-project design questions. India did not participate and maintained that the matter belonged before the separately appointed Neutral Expert. The World Bank had made appointments for both mechanisms while stating that the treaty did not empower it to choose one over the other. Record each institution and objection without resolving the legal dispute independently.

    World Bank, IWT procedures and appointments · Court of Arbitration press release on competence

17. 2022-03-09 to 2022-03-12

    An accidentally fired Indian missile lands in Pakistan

    India acknowledged that a missile was accidentally fired during routine maintenance because of a technical malfunction and landed in Pakistan. India expressed regret and ordered a court of inquiry. Pakistan demanded fuller answers and a joint probe. No evidence established a deliberate strike or nuclear payload; do not infer either from the missile's route or the strategic context.

    Government of India statement on accidental firing · Pakistan response demanding a joint probe

18. 2021-02-25

    DGMOs reaffirm strict observance of LoC ceasefire agreements

    The Indian and Pakistani Directors General of Military Operations agreed to strict observance of all agreements, understandings, and ceasefire arrangements along the LoC and all other sectors from midnight 24-25 February. They also agreed to use hotlines and flag-meeting mechanisms. This was a reaffirmation and implementation step, not a new border or political settlement.

    Government of India joint DGMO statement

19. 2019-08-05 to 2019-10-31

    India changes Article 370 arrangements and reorganizes Jammu and Kashmir

    India ended the special constitutional arrangements associated with Article 370 and reorganized the former state into the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. Pakistan rejected the action and downgraded relations. India's Supreme Court upheld the core constitutional changes in December 2023. These were Indian domestic acts, not a mutually accepted sovereignty settlement.

    Supreme Court of India judgment, historical and legal record · Pakistan Foreign Ministry demarche on the 2019 actions

20. 2019-02-27 to 2019-03-01

    Pakistan responds by air; aircraft engage and an Indian pilot is captured then released

    Pakistan conducted an air operation across the LoC area, followed by aerial combat. India acknowledged losing a MiG-21 and that its pilot was captured; Pakistan released him on 1 March. The parties made incompatible claims about additional Indian or Pakistani aircraft losses and targeting outcomes. Preserve the confirmed MiG-21 loss and pilot sequence while leaving other claims attributed.

    India statement on 27 February aerial engagement · Pakistan statement, Pakistan Strikes Back

21. 2019-02-26

    India strikes near Balakot inside Pakistan

    India said its aircraft conducted a non-military pre-emptive strike on a JeM training camp near Balakot in Pakistan and claimed substantial militant casualties. Pakistan confirmed an Indian airspace incursion and release of munitions but disputed the target, damage, and casualties. No neutral casualty figure or complete battle-damage assessment is canonical.

    India Foreign Secretary statement on Balakot · Pakistan briefing on the Indian incursion

22. 2019-02-14

    Pulwama suicide bombing kills 40 Indian paramilitary personnel

    A suicide bomber attacked a convoy of India's Central Reserve Police Force near Pulwama, killing 40 personnel. JeM claimed responsibility. India linked the group and support infrastructure to Pakistan; Pakistan denied state involvement and later offered cooperation or investigation under conditions. The Security Council condemned the attack and named JeM's claim without assigning Pakistani state responsibility.

    UN Security Council statement on Pulwama

23. 2016-09-29

    India announces cross-LoC surgical strikes; Pakistan disputes that account

    India announced that its forces conducted strikes across the LoC against launch pads used by teams allegedly preparing infiltration. Pakistan denied that any such cross-LoC raid occurred and described the event as routine or escalated LoC firing that killed Pakistani soldiers. Record that India announced an operation and Pakistan denied its characterization; do not invent independent target, casualty, or route details.

    India joint MEA-MOD briefing · Pakistan Foreign Ministry briefing

24. 2016-09-18

    Attack on the Indian Army brigade headquarters at Uri raises LoC tensions

    Militants attacked an Indian Army installation near Uri and killed Indian soldiers. India described the attackers as Pakistan-based and demanded action against terrorist infrastructure; Pakistan rejected allegations of state involvement. Do not convert location, equipment, or an official accusation into independent proof of command by the Pakistani state.

    Government of India statement after the Uri attack

25. 2016-01-02 to 2016-04-01

    Pathankot air-base attack is followed by a Pakistan joint-investigation-team visit

    Armed attackers struck the Indian Air Force station at Pathankot. India attributed the conspiracy to JeM-linked actors in Pakistan. A Pakistan Joint Investigation Team visited India in March and met India's National Investigation Agency, which presented evidence. The visit demonstrated limited investigative contact but did not establish a completed joint investigation, prosecution outcome, or durable dialogue revival.

    India NIA statement on Pakistan JIT visit

26. 2008-11-26 to 2008-11-29

    Coordinated Mumbai attacks collapse the main dialogue process

    Ten gunmen carried out coordinated shootings and bombings at multiple sites in Mumbai, causing mass civilian and security-force casualties. India identified LeT as the organization behind the attacks and traced planning and handlers to Pakistan; Pakistan later pursued cases against suspects while denying state direction.

    UN Security Council press statement on Mumbai

27. 2004-01-06 to 2007-02-21

    Composite dialogue and military-risk confidence-building measures

    India and Pakistan resumed a composite dialogue in 2004 after Pakistan committed not to permit territory under its control to support terrorism. The process produced travel links, ballistic-missile pre-notification, and a nuclear-accident risk-reduction agreement. These mechanisms reduced risk but did not settle Kashmir or terrorism disputes.

    India-Pakistan joint statement, 6 January 2004 · Ballistic-missile pre-notification agreement

28. 2003-11-25

    A ceasefire understanding takes effect across the LoC and related sectors

    Pakistan proposed a ceasefire and India announced that it would reciprocate along the international boundary, LoC, and AGPL/Siachen sector from midnight. The understanding sharply reduced firing and enabled later dialogue. It did not alter the boundary, demilitarize the LoC, or resolve sovereignty and terrorism disputes.

    Government of India statement on the ceasefire

29. 2001-12-13 to 2002-10

    Parliament attack triggers a prolonged India-Pakistan military standoff

    Armed attackers assaulted India's Parliament complex on 13 December 2001. India attributed the conspiracy to Pakistan-based JeM and LeT networks and demanded action; Pakistan rejected state responsibility. Both states mobilized large forces along the international boundary and LoC, producing a months-long crisis before phased de-escalation.

    UN Security Council press statement on the Parliament attack

30. 1999-05 to 1999-07

    Kargil conflict erupts across positions on the Indian side of the LoC

    Indian forces fought personnel occupying high-altitude positions in the Kargil and Drass sectors on the Indian side of the LoC. India identified Pakistani regulars and infiltrators; Pakistan's public accounts evolved and disputed parts of India's narrative. Heavy ground combat and Indian air operations followed, and withdrawal restored the LoC positions.

    UN Secretary-General statement on Kargil fighting

31. 1999-02-21

    Lahore Declaration and nuclear memorandum expand confidence-building

    Prime Ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif adopted the Lahore Declaration and a memorandum addressing nuclear risk, missile notification, accidental or unauthorized incidents, and continued dialogue under Simla. The documents were political and confidence-building commitments, not a peace treaty, disarmament agreement, or final Kashmir settlement.

    UN Peacemaker, Lahore Declaration · UN Peacemaker, Lahore Memorandum of Understanding

32. 1998-05-11 to 1998-05-30

    India and Pakistan conduct overt nuclear test series

    India conducted nuclear tests on 11 and 13 May 1998, following its 1974 test; Pakistan conducted tests on 28 and 30 May. Security Council resolution 1172 condemned both series and urged restraint and dialogue. Do not infer current arsenal size, deployment, or readiness from the tests.

    CTBTO, India and Pakistan nuclear tests · UN Security Council resolution 1172

33. 1991-04-06 to 1991-04-09

    Agreements regulate military exercises, troop movements, and airspace

    The states concluded agreements on advance notice of military exercises, maneuvers, and troop movements and on preventing airspace violations and permitting specified military overflights. These instruments reduce misperception but do not ban all exercises, deployments, or flights. A breach must be established from competent evidence rather than inferred from proximity alone.

    Agreement on military exercises and troop movements · Agreement on prevention of airspace violations

34. 1989 onward

    Insurgency and counterinsurgency intensify in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir

    Armed insurgency, political unrest, counterinsurgency, militant infiltration, and security-force operations intensified from 1989. Civilians, militants, police, and military personnel suffered sustained violence and serious human-rights allegations.

    OHCHR, report on developments in Kashmir

35. 1988-12-31

    Non-attack agreement protects listed nuclear installations and facilities

    India and Pakistan signed an agreement prohibiting each from undertaking, encouraging, or participating in action aimed at destroying or damaging nuclear installations or facilities in the other country. It entered into force in 1991 and created annual list exchanges. The list exchange is a risk-reduction mechanism, not a complete public inventory or inspection regime.

    Government of India treaty record

36. 1984-04

    India and Pakistan establish opposing military positions in the Siachen sector

    India launched Operation Meghdoot and occupied key high-altitude positions in the Siachen-Saltoro area; Pakistan deployed opposing forces and subsequent fighting established an Actual Ground Position Line. The 1949 and 1972 line descriptions did not fully demarcate the glacier sector beyond NJ9842.

    Government of India, Operation Meghdoot account

37. 1972-07-02

    Simla Agreement creates the modern bilateral and LoC framework

    India and Pakistan agreed to settle differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations or other mutually agreed peaceful means, respect the LoC resulting from the 17 December 1971 ceasefire, and work toward normalization. The ceasefire line was redesignated as the LoC without prejudice to either side's recognized position.

    Government of India, Simla Agreement

38. 1971-12-03 to 1971-12-17

    The 1971 India-Pakistan war ends with Bangladesh independent

    War broke out on the western and eastern fronts amid the crisis in East Pakistan. Pakistani forces in the east surrendered in Dhaka and Bangladesh emerged as an independent state; fighting on the western front also ceased. Security Council resolution 307 demanded a durable ceasefire and withdrawal.

    UN Security Council resolution 307

39. 1965-08 to 1966-01-10

    The 1965 war ends with a UN ceasefire and the Tashkent Declaration

    India and Pakistan fought a large conventional war in and beyond the Kashmir theater during August and September 1965. A Security Council ceasefire took effect, and the UN India-Pakistan Observation Mission monitored withdrawal. At Tashkent in January 1966, the parties agreed to withdraw forces, restore diplomatic relations, and work toward peaceful relations.

    UN peacekeeping, UNIPOM background

40. 1960-09-19

    India, Pakistan, and the World Bank sign the Indus Waters Treaty

    India and Pakistan signed the IWT, with the World Bank also signing for specified treaty purposes. Broadly, the eastern rivers were allocated for India's unrestricted use and the western rivers for Pakistan's unrestricted use subject to detailed exceptions and obligations. The treaty created the Permanent Indus Commission and graded procedures for questions, differences, and disputes.

    World Bank IWT fact sheet

41. 1949-01-01 to 1949-07-29

    Ceasefire, Karachi Agreement, and UN military observation

    A ceasefire took effect on 1 January 1949. The Karachi Agreement of 29 July established and described a ceasefire line and arrangements for UN military observers. UNMOGIP traces its present deployment to this framework. The line was later redesignated as the LoC under Simla; it was not an agreed international border or final sovereignty settlement.

    UNMOGIP fact sheet

42. 1947-08 to 1948-12

    Partition, accession dispute, and the first India-Pakistan war

    British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan in August 1947. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became the subject of competing claims after armed incursions, the Maharaja's Instrument of Accession to India, and deployment of Indian and Pakistani forces. The Security Council addressed the fighting and adopted resolution 47 in April 1948.

    UN peacekeeping, India-Pakistan background

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